.Imashanyarazi ya Vacuum yabanje kwigwa n’Ubwongereza na Amerika, hanyuma itera imbere mu Buyapani, Ubudage, icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti ndetse no mu bindi bihugu.Ubushinwa bwatangiye kwiga ku nyigisho z’umuzunguruko wa vacuum guhera mu 1959, kandi butanga ku mugaragaro ibyuma bitandukanye byangiza amashanyarazi mu ntangiriro ya za 1970.
Vacuum yamashanyarazi isobanura icyuma cyumuzunguruko imikoranire ifunze kandi ifunguye mu cyuho.
Imashanyarazi ya Vacuum yabanje kwigwa n’Ubwongereza na Amerika, hanyuma itera imbere mu Buyapani, Ubudage, icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti ndetse no mu bindi bihugu.Ubushinwa bwatangiye kwiga ku nyigisho z’imyuka ya vacuum mu 1959, kandi butanga ku mugaragaro ubwoko butandukanye bw’imyuka ya vacuum mu ntangiriro ya za 70.Guhora udushya no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga mu gukora nka interupter interupter, uburyo bwo gukora ndetse n’urwego rw’imisemburo byatumye icyuma cyangiza icyuka gitera imbere byihuse, kandi hari byinshi byagezweho mu bushakashatsi bw’ubushobozi bunini, miniaturizasi, ubwenge no kwiringirwa.
Hamwe nibyiza byo kuzimya arc nziza, bikwiranye no gukora kenshi, ubuzima burebure bwamashanyarazi, kwizerwa cyane, hamwe nigihe kirekire cyo kubungabunga igihe, imashini zangiza amashanyarazi zakoreshejwe cyane muguhindura amashanyarazi mumijyi nicyaro, inganda zimiti, metallurgie, gari ya moshi amashanyarazi, ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro n'izindi nganda mu nganda z’amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa.Ibicuruzwa biva muburyo butandukanye bwa ZN1-ZN5 mubihe byashize kugeza kubintu byinshi byubwoko butandukanye.Umuyoboro wagenwe ugera kuri 4000A, umuyonga ucika ugera 5OKA, ndetse na 63kA, naho voltage igera kuri 35kV.
Iterambere nibiranga icyuho cyumuzunguruko bizagaragara mubice byinshi byingenzi, harimo guteza imbere guhagarika icyuho, guteza imbere uburyo bwo gukora no guteza imbere imiterere.
Iterambere n'ibiranga guhagarika vacuum
2.1Iterambere ryimyanya mibi
Igitekerezo cyo gukoresha icyuma cya vacuum kugirango kizimye arc cyashyizwe ahagaragara mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19, kandi interuro ya mbere ya vacuum yakozwe mu myaka ya za 1920.Ariko, kubera imbogamizi zikoranabuhanga rya vacuum, ibikoresho nizindi nzego za tekiniki, ntabwo byari bifatika icyo gihe.Kuva mu myaka ya za 1950, hamwe n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rishya, ibibazo byinshi mu gukora interineti ihagarika ibibazo byakemuwe, kandi icyuma cya vacuum kigenda kigera ku rwego rufatika.Mu myaka ya za 1950 rwagati, Isosiyete ikora amashanyarazi muri Leta zunzubumwe zamerika yasohoye icyiciro cy’amashanyarazi ya vacuum hamwe n’umuriro wa 12KA.Icyakurikiyeho, mu mpera za 1950, kubera iterambere ry’imivurungano hamwe na magnetiki yumurongo uhuza, imiyoboro yamenetse yazamutse igera kuri 3OKA.Nyuma yimyaka ya za 70, Isosiyete ikora amashanyarazi ya Toshiba yUbuyapani yateje imbere icyuho cya vacuum hamwe na magnetique yumurima muremure, ibyo bikaba byarushijeho kwiyongera kumashanyarazi arenga 5OKA.Kugeza ubu, icyuma cyangiza amashanyarazi cyakoreshejwe cyane muri sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza ingufu za 1KV na 35kV, kandi amashanyarazi yamenetse ashobora kugera kuri 5OKA-100KAo.Ibihugu bimwe na bimwe byabyaye 72kV / 84kV guhagarika interineti, ariko umubare ni muto.DC itanga amashanyarazi menshi
Mu myaka yashize, umusaruro w’amashanyarazi yameneka mu Bushinwa nawo wateye imbere byihuse.Kugeza ubu, tekinoroji yo guhagarika vacuum yo mu rugo iri ku rwego rw’ibicuruzwa byo hanze.Hano hari vacuum interrupters ukoresheje vertical and horizontal magnetic field tekinoroji hamwe na tekinoroji yo guhuza hagati.Guhuza bikozwe mubikoresho bya Cu Cr alloy byahagaritse neza 5OKA na 63kAo vacuum interrupters mubushinwa, bigeze kurwego rwo hejuru.Umuyoboro wa vacuum urashobora gukoresha rwose interineti ihagarika.
2.2Ibiranga vacuum interrupter
Icyumba kizimya vacuum nikintu cyingenzi kigize icyuho cyumuzingi.Irashyigikiwe kandi ifunzwe nikirahure cyangwa ububumbyi.Hano hari dinamike kandi ihagaze kandi ikingira imbere.Hano hari igitutu kibi.Impamyabumenyi ya vacuum ni 133 × 10 Icyenda 133 × LOJPa, kugirango yizere ko arc izimya imikorere hamwe nurwego rwimikorere iyo ivunitse.Iyo impamyabumenyi ya vacuum igabanutse, imikorere yayo yo kumeneka izagabanuka cyane.Kubwibyo, icyumba kizimya vacuum arc ntigishobora guterwa nimbaraga zose zo hanze, kandi ntigomba gukomanga cyangwa gukubitwa intoki.Ntigomba gushimangirwa mugihe cyo kwimuka no kubungabunga.Birabujijwe gushyira ikintu cyose kumashanyarazi ya vacuum kugirango wirinde icyumba kizimya vacuum arc kwangirika iyo kiguye.Mbere yo kubyara, icyuho cyumuzunguruko kigomba gukorerwa igenzura no guterana.Mugihe cyo kubungabunga, ibyuma byose byuzimya arc bigomba gufungwa kugirango habeho guhangayika.
Imashini yamenagura vacuum ihagarika ikigezweho ikazimya arc mucyumba kizimya icyuho.Nyamara, icyuho cyumuzunguruko ubwacyo ntigifite igikoresho cyo kugenzura neza no kugereranya ibiranga impamyabumenyi ya vacuum, bityo amakosa yo kugabanya impamyabumenyi ya vacuum ni amakosa yihishe.Muri icyo gihe, kugabanuka kwa dogere ya vacuum bizagira ingaruka zikomeye kubushobozi bwumuzunguruko wa vacuum bwo guca amashanyarazi arenze, kandi biganisha ku kugabanuka gukabije mubuzima bwa serivisi bwumuzunguruko, bizatera iturika rya switch mugihe bikomeye.
Mu ncamake, ikibazo nyamukuru cyo guhagarika vacuum ni uko impamyabumenyi ya vacuum yagabanutse.Impamvu nyamukuru zo kugabanya icyuho nizi zikurikira.
(1) Kumena vacuum yamashanyarazi nikintu cyoroshye.Nyuma yo kuva mu ruganda, uruganda rukora imiyoboro ya elegitoronike rushobora kumeneka ibirahuri cyangwa kashe ya ceramic nyuma yinshuro nyinshi zitwara abagenzi, guhungabana kwishyiriraho, kugongana nimpanuka, nibindi.
(2) Hano haribibazo mubikorwa cyangwa mubikorwa byo guhagarika vacuum, kandi ingingo zimeneka zigaragara nyuma yibikorwa byinshi.
. kugabanya impamyabumenyi.DC itanga amashanyarazi menshi
Uburyo bwo kuvura kugabanya igipimo cya vacuum interrupter:
Kurikirana kenshi interuro ya vacuum, kandi buri gihe ukoreshe vacuum tester ya vacuum kugirango upime igipimo cya vacuum cyahagaritse vacuum, kugirango umenye neza ko impamyabumenyi ya vacuum ihagarika vacuum iri murwego rwagenwe;Iyo impamyabumenyi ya vacuum igabanutse, guhagarika vacuum bigomba gusimburwa, kandi ibizamini biranga nka stroke, syncronisation na bounce bigomba gukorwa neza.
3. Gutezimbere uburyo bwo gukora
Uburyo bukoreshwa nimwe mubintu byingenzi byo gusuzuma imikorere ya vacuum circuit breaker.Impamvu nyamukuru igira ingaruka ku kwizerwa kwa vacuum circuit yameneka nuburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwimikorere.Ukurikije iterambere ryimikorere, irashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bikurikira.DC itanga amashanyarazi menshi
3.1Uburyo bukoreshwa nintoki
Uburyo bwo gukora bushingiye ku gufunga mu buryo butaziguye bwitwa uburyo bwo gukoresha intoki, bukoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora imashini zangiza amashanyarazi hamwe n’umuvuduko muke hamwe n’umuvuduko muke.Uburyo bw'imfashanyigisho bwakoreshejwe gake mu mashami y’amashanyarazi yo hanze usibye inganda n’inganda.Uburyo bukoreshwa nintoki buroroshye muburyo bwubaka, ntibisaba ibikoresho byingoboka byingirakamaro kandi bifite imbogamizi bidashobora guhita bivaho kandi birashobora gukorerwa gusa aho, bidafite umutekano uhagije.Kubwibyo, uburyo bwo gukoresha intoki bwasimbuwe hafi nuburyo bwo gukora amasoko hamwe nububiko bwintoki.
3.2Uburyo bwo gukoresha amashanyarazi
Uburyo bwo gukora bufunzwe nimbaraga za electromagnetique bwitwa electromagnetic imikorere d.Uburyo bwa CD17 bwakozwe muburyo bwo guhuza ibicuruzwa bya ZN28-12.Mu miterere, nayo itunganijwe imbere na inyuma ya vacuum interrupter.
Ibyiza byuburyo bukoresha amashanyarazi ni uburyo bworoshye, imikorere yizewe nigiciro gito cyo gukora.Ingaruka ni uko imbaraga zikoreshwa na coil yo gufunga ari nini cyane, kandi zigomba gutegurwa [Incamake yiterambere nibiranga icyuma cyangiza icyuma] mu cyuho.Imashanyarazi ya Vacuum yabanje kwigwa n’Ubwongereza na Amerika, hanyuma itera imbere mu Buyapani, Ubudage, icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti ndetse no mu bindi bihugu.Ubushinwa bwatangiye kwiga ku nyigisho z’umuzunguruko wa vacuum guhera mu 1959, kandi butanga ku mugaragaro ibyuma bitandukanye byangiza amashanyarazi mu ntangiriro ya za 1970.
Batteri zihenze, nini nini yo gufunga, imiterere nini, igihe kirekire cyo gukora, kandi buhoro buhoro igabanya isoko.
3.3Imikorere yimvura DC itanga amashanyarazi menshi
Uburyo bwo gukora amasoko bukoresha ingufu zabitswe nkimbaraga zo gukora switch kugirango igere kubikorwa.Irashobora gutwarwa nabakozi cyangwa ingufu ntoya ya moteri ya AC na DC, kubwibyo imbaraga zo gufunga ahanini ntiziterwa nimpamvu zituruka hanze (nkumuvuduko wamashanyarazi, umuvuduko wumwuka wumuyaga, umuvuduko wa hydraulic wumuvuduko wamazi wa hydraulic), udashobora gusa kugera ku muvuduko mwinshi wo gufunga, ariko kandi umenye byihuse byikora byongeye gufunga ibikorwa;Mubyongeyeho, ugereranije nuburyo bwa electromagnetic ikora, uburyo bwo gukora amasoko bufite igiciro gito nigiciro gito.Nuburyo bukoreshwa cyane muburyo bwo gukora vacuum circuit breaker, kandi abayikora nabo ni benshi, bahora batera imbere.Uburyo bwa CT17 na CT19 burasanzwe, kandi ZN28-17, VS1 na VGl bikoreshwa nabo.
Mubisanzwe, uburyo bwo gukora amasoko bufite ibice amagana, kandi uburyo bwo kohereza buragoye, hamwe nigipimo kinini cyo kunanirwa, ibice byinshi byimuka nibisabwa murwego rwo hejuru.Mubyongeyeho, imiterere yuburyo bwo gukora amasoko iragoye, kandi hariho byinshi byo kunyerera hejuru, kandi ibyinshi biri mubice byingenzi.Mugihe cyibikorwa byigihe kirekire, kwambara no kwangirika kwibi bice, kimwe no gutakaza no gukiza amavuta, bizatera amakosa yibikorwa.Hariho ahanini ibitagenda bikurikira.
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(2) Sisitemu ntishobora gufungwa cyangwa guhagarikwa nyuma yo gufunga.
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(4) Gutwika igiceri cyo gufunga.
Kunanirwa gutera isesengura ryuburyo bukoreshwa:
Umuyoboro wumuzunguruko wanze gukora, ushobora guterwa no gutakaza voltage cyangwa munsi ya voltage yumuriro wa voltage, guhagarika imiyoboro ikora, guhagarika igifuniko cyo gufunga cyangwa igifuniko cyo gufungura, no guhuza nabi kwihuza ryabafasha. ku buryo.
Guhindura ntibishobora gufungwa cyangwa gufungurwa nyuma yo gufunga, bishobora guterwa na volvoltage yumuriro wamashanyarazi, ingendo zirenze urugero zo guhuza kwimuka kwimuka wumuzunguruko, guhagarika imiyoboro ihuza imiyoboro ifasha, hamwe na bike cyane bya ihuriro hagati yigice cya shaft yuburyo bukoreshwa na pawl;
Mugihe cyimpanuka, igikorwa cyo gukingira relay hamwe nuwamennye umuzunguruko ntushobora guhagarikwa.Birashoboka ko hari ibibazo byamahanga mumafunguro yicyuma yabujije icyuma gukora icyuma gukora, igice cyo gufungura igice cya kabiri ntigishobora kuzunguruka neza, kandi inzira yo gufungura yarahagaritswe.
Impamvu zishoboka zo gutwika igiceri cyo gufunga ni: umuhuza wa DC ntashobora guhagarikwa nyuma yo gufunga, icyerekezo cyabafasha ntigihindukira kumwanya wo gufungura nyuma yo gufunga, kandi icyerekezo cyabafasha kirarekuwe.
3.4Imikorere ya rukuruzi ihoraho
Uburyo bwa magneti buhoraho bukoresha ihame rishya ryakazi kugirango rihuze uburyo bwa electromagnetique hamwe na rukuruzi ihoraho, birinda ibintu bibi biterwa no gukandagira mumashini kumwanya wo gufunga no gufungura hamwe na sisitemu yo gufunga.Imbaraga zifata zakozwe na rukuruzi zihoraho zirashobora kugumisha icyuho cyumuzunguruko mumwanya wo gufunga no gufungura mugihe ingufu za mashini zikenewe.Ifite ibikoresho byo kugenzura kugirango imenye imirimo yose isabwa na vacuum circuit breaker.Irashobora kugabanywamo ahanini ubwoko bubiri: rukuruzi ya rukuruzi ihoraho hamwe na rukuruzi ihoraho.Ihame ryakazi rya bistable rihoraho ya rukuruzi ni uko gufungura no gufunga ibikorwa biterwa nimbaraga zihoraho;Ihame ryakazi ryimikorere ya rukuruzi ihoraho ni ugukingura byihuse hifashishijwe isoko yo kubika ingufu no gukomeza umwanya wo gufungura.Gufunga gusa birashobora gukomeza imbaraga za rukuruzi zihoraho.Igicuruzwa nyamukuru cya Trede Electric nigikorwa cya rukuruzi ihoraho, kandi ibigo byimbere mugihugu biteza imbere imbaraga za rukuruzi zihoraho.
Imiterere ya bistable ihoraho ya rukuruzi iratandukanye, ariko hariho ubwoko bubiri bwamahame: ubwoko bubiri bwa coil (ubwoko bwa simmetrike) nubwoko bumwe bwa coil (ubwoko butemewe).Izi nzego zombi zatangijwe muri make hepfo.
(1) Gukoresha inshuro ebyiri uburyo bwa magneti buhoraho
Uburyo bubiri bwa coil burigihe burangwa na: gukoresha magneti ahoraho kugirango ugumane icyuho cyumuzunguruko kumyanya yo gufungura no gufunga imipaka, ukoresheje igiceri cyo kwishima kugirango usunike icyuma cyibyuma byuburyo buva kumwanya ufungura kugeza aho bifunga, no gukoresha ikindi kintu gishimishije cyo gusunika icyuma cyibikoresho kuva kumwanya wo gufunga kugera kumwanya wo gufungura.Kurugero, uburyo bwa VMl bwo guhindura ABB bukoresha iyi miterere.
(2) Igikoresho kimwe cya rukuruzi ihoraho
Imashini imwe ihoraho ya magnet ikoresha kandi magnesi zihoraho kugirango icyuma cyumuzunguruko cyumwanya uhagarike cyo gufungura no gufunga, ariko igiceri kimwe gishimishije gikoreshwa mugukingura no gufunga.Hariho kandi ibishishwa bibiri byo gufungura no gufunga, ariko ibishishwa byombi biri kuruhande rumwe, kandi icyerekezo gitemba cya parallel coil kiratandukanye.Ihame ryayo nimwe nki coil imwe ya rukuruzi ihoraho.Ingufu zo gufunga ahanini zituruka ku gishishwa gishimishije, kandi imbaraga zo gufungura ahanini ziva mu isoko.Kurugero, inkingi ya GVR yashyizweho vacuum circuit breaker yatangijwe na Whipp & Bourne Company mubwongereza ikoresha ubu buryo.
Ukurikije ibimenyetso byavuzwe haruguru biranga uburyo bwa magneti buhoraho, ibyiza byayo nibibi bishobora kuvugwa muri make.Ibyiza nuko imiterere yoroshye, ugereranije nuburyo bwimpeshyi, ibiyigize bigabanukaho hafi 60%;Hamwe nibice bike, igipimo cyo gutsindwa nacyo kizagabanuka, kubwibyo kwizerwa ni hejuru;Ubuzima bumara igihe kirekire;Ingano ntoya n'uburemere bworoshye.Ingaruka ni uko mubijyanye no gufungura ibiranga, kubera ko icyuma cyimuka kigira uruhare mugukingura, inertia yimikorere ya sisitemu yimuka yiyongera cyane mugihe ifunguye, bikaba bibi cyane kunoza umuvuduko wo gufungura gukomeye;Bitewe nimbaraga nyinshi zo gukora, zigarukira kubushobozi bwa capacitor.
4. Gutezimbere imiterere
Dukurikije imibare nisesengura ryubwoko bwimpanuka mumikorere yabatwara amashanyarazi menshi mumashanyarazi yigihugu ashingiye kumateka yamateka, kunanirwa gufungura konti 22.67%;Kwanga gufatanya byari 6.48%;Kumena no gukora impanuka bingana na 9.07%;Impanuka zo mu bwigunge zagize 35.47%;Impanuka ya misoperation yari 7.02%;Impanuka zo gufunga imigezi zingana na 7.95%;Imbaraga zo hanze n’izindi mpanuka zingana na 11.439 zose, muri zo impanuka zo mu bwishingizi n’impanuka zo kwangwa gutandukana nizo zagaragaye cyane, zikaba zigera kuri 60% by’impanuka zose.Kubwibyo, imiterere yimikorere nayo ningingo yingenzi ya vacuum yamashanyarazi.Ukurikije impinduka niterambere ryibice byinkingi, birashobora kugabanywa mubice bitatu: kubika ikirere, guhuriza hamwe, hamwe no gufunga inkingi zikomeye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-22-2022